Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a severe and sometimes fatal respiratory disease caused by infection with hantaviruses. These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodents or their droppings, urine, or saliva.

Symptoms

HPS symptoms typically progress in two phases:

1. Early Phase (1-2 weeks after exposure):
   • Fever and chills
   • Muscle aches (especially in the thighs, hips, back, and shoulders)
   • Headaches
   • Fatigue
   • Dizziness
   • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain
2. Late Phase (4-10 days after initial symptoms):
   • Coughing
   • Shortness of breath
   • Rapid heartbeat
   • Low blood pressure
   • Fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary edema)

In severe cases, HPS can progress rapidly, leading to respiratory failure and requiring intensive care.

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Causes

HPS is caused by hantaviruses, which are transmitted through:

• Inhalation of viral particles from rodent excreta.
• Direct contact with rodent droppings, urine, or nesting materials.
• Rarely, bites from infected rodents.

The primary carriers of hantaviruses in the Americas include:

• Deer mice
• White-footed mice
• Cotton rats
• Rice rats

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Diagnosis

HPS is diagnosed based on:

• Medical history (possible rodent exposure).
• Clinical symptoms.
• Laboratory tests confirming hantavirus infection, such as:
  • Serologic tests for hantavirus-specific antibodies.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for viral RNA.

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Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for HPS. Management focuses on:

• Supportive care: Oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation if needed.
• Monitoring and treating complications: Such as shock or respiratory failure.
• Early hospitalization and intensive care can significantly improve outcomes.

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Prevention

1. Rodent Control:
   • Seal gaps and holes in homes to prevent rodent entry.
   • Set traps in and around homes.
   • Store food in rodent-proof containers.
2. Cleaning Safety:
   • Avoid sweeping or vacuuming areas with rodent droppings.
   • Wear gloves and use disinfectants to clean potentially contaminated areas.
3. Avoid High-Risk Activities:
   • Take precautions when camping, hiking, or working in areas with high rodent activity.

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Prognosis

• The mortality rate of HPS can be as high as 35–50%.
• Early diagnosis and supportive treatment are critical to reducing the risk of severe outcomes.